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Signals in Radio Astronomy
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Contents
General Theory
Subsections
Signals in Radio Astronomy
Introduction
Properties of the Gaussian
The Wiener-Khinchin Theorem
The Sampling Theorem
The Central Limit and Pairing Theorems
Quasimonochromatic and Complex Signals
Cross Correlations
Mathematical details
Interferometry and Aperture Synthesis
Introduction
The Radio Sky
Signals in Radio Astronomy
Interferometry
The Need for Interferometry
The Van Cittert Zernike Theorem
Aperture Synthesis
The Fourier Transform
Single Dish Radio Telescopes
Introduction
EM Wave Basics
Signals and Noise in Radio Astronomy
Signals
Noise
Signal to Noise Ratio
Antenna Patterns
Computing Antenna Patterns
Two Element Interferometers
Introduction
A Two Element Interferometer
Response to Quasi-Monochromatic Radiation
Two Element Interferometers in Practice
Sensitivity and Calibration for Interferometers
Sensitivity
Calibration
Further Reading
Phased Arrays
Introduction
Array Theory
The 2 Element Array
Linear Arrays of n Elements of Equal Amplitude and Spacing :
The Fourier Transform Approach to Array Patterns
Techniques for Phasing an Array
Coherently
vs
Incoherently Phased Array
Comparison of Phased Array with a Multi-Element Interferometer
Further Reading
Imaging With Dipolar Arrays
Early History of Dipole Arrays
Image Formation
Digital Beam Forming
Radio Telescopes with Digital Beam Forming Networks
The Clark Lake TEE-PEE-TEE Telescope
GEETEE: The Gauribidanur
Array
MOST: The Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
Summary
Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Concept
Adaptive Beam Forming
Further Reading
Correlator I. Basics
Introduction
Digitization
Sampling
Quantization
Dynamic Range
Discrete Fourier Transform
Filtering and Windowing
Digital Delay
Discrete Correlation and the Power Spectral Density
Further Reading
Correlator - II: Implementation
Delay Tracking and Fringe Stopping
Spectral Correlator
FX Correlator
XF Correlator
Further Reading
Mapping I
Coordinate Systems
Angular Co-ordinates
Astronomical Co-ordinate System
Physical Coordinate System
Coordinate Transformation
2D Relation Between Sky and Aperture Planes
Further Reading
Mapping II
Introduction
Weighting, Tapering and Beam Shaping
Gridding and Interpolation
Bandwidth Smearing
Time Average Smearing
Zero-spacing Problem
Further Reading
Deconvolution in sythesis imaging-an introduction
Preliminaries
The Deconvolution Problem
Interferometric Measurements
Dirty Map and Dirty Beam
The Need for Deconvolution
CLEAN
The Högbom Algorithm
The Behaviour of CLEAN
Beyond CLEAN
Maximum Entropy
Bayesian Statistical Inference
MEM Images
Noise and Residuals
Further Reading
Spectral Line Observations
Spectral Lines
Rest Frequency and Observing Frequency
Setting the Observing Frequency and the Bandwidth
Calibration
Gain Calibration
Bandshape Calibration
Smoothing
Continuum Subtraction
Line Profiles
Further Reading
Wide Field Imaging
Introduction
Mapping with Non Co-planar Arrays
Image Volume
Interpretation of the
-term
Inversion Of Visibilities
3D Imaging
Polyhedron Imaging
Mosaicing
Scanning Interferometer
Further Reading
Polarimetry
Introduction
Polarization in Radio Astronomy
The Measurement Equation
Polarization Calibration
Further Reading
Ionospheric effects in Radio Astronomy
Introduction
Propagation Through a Homogeneous Plasma
Propagation Through a Smooth Ionosphere
Propagation Through an Inhomogeneous
Ionosphere
Angular Broadening
Scintillation
Further Reading
Pulsar Observations
Introduction
Requirements for Pulsar Observations
Phased Array Requirements
Spectral Resolution Requirements
Requirements for Time Resolution and Accurate Time Keeping
Requirements for Polarimetry
Flux Calibration Requirements
Basic Block Diagram of a Pulsar Receiver
Dispersion and Techniques for its Correction
Pulse Studies
Interstellar Scintillation Studies
Pulsar Timing Studies
Pulsar Search
Further Reading
Next:
Signals in Radio Astronomy
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LFRA
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NCRA-TIFR
Array
-term